Contents
Displaying 15551-15560 of 28843 results.
Contentid:
15800
Content Type: 1
Title: Forty Programs and Apps for Learning Languages
Body: Here is a list of 40 language learning tools, arranged by category (courseware, supplemental) with short descriptions, ratings, and cost: https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-02-21-forty-ways-to-learn-a-language
Source: EdSurge
Inputdate: 2013-03-16 08:57:45
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-16 08:57:45
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-18 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Forty Programs and Apps for Learning Languages
Body: Here is a list of 40 language learning tools, arranged by category (courseware, supplemental) with short descriptions, ratings, and cost: https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-02-21-forty-ways-to-learn-a-language
Source: EdSurge
Inputdate: 2013-03-16 08:57:45
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-16 08:57:45
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-18 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15801
Content Type: 1
Title: Article: Student Assessment and Immersion Program Evaluation
Body: From http://asiasociety.org/education/chinese-language-initiatives/student-assessment-and-immersion-program-evaluation Student Assessment and Immersion Program Evaluation By Ann Tollefson, with Michael Bacon, Kyle Ennis, Carl Falsgraf, and Nancy Rhodes Parents enroll their children in language immersion programs in order to give them the gift of knowing another language. They also expect that their children will do as well or better in learning the regular curriculum in the immersion language as will children who are learning that content in English. As a result, there are two fundamental strands of student assessment in elementary immersion programs: assessment of student learning in various subjects taught in the language, (e.g., math and reading); and assessment of the student’s proficiency in the immersion language. Both are used to evaluate individual student progress, to report to parents and the general community, and to support continual program improvement. Read on at http://asiasociety.org/education/chinese-language-initiatives/student-assessment-and-immersion-program-evaluation
Source: Asia Society
Inputdate: 2013-03-16 08:58:49
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-16 08:58:49
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-18 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Article: Student Assessment and Immersion Program Evaluation
Body: From http://asiasociety.org/education/chinese-language-initiatives/student-assessment-and-immersion-program-evaluation Student Assessment and Immersion Program Evaluation By Ann Tollefson, with Michael Bacon, Kyle Ennis, Carl Falsgraf, and Nancy Rhodes Parents enroll their children in language immersion programs in order to give them the gift of knowing another language. They also expect that their children will do as well or better in learning the regular curriculum in the immersion language as will children who are learning that content in English. As a result, there are two fundamental strands of student assessment in elementary immersion programs: assessment of student learning in various subjects taught in the language, (e.g., math and reading); and assessment of the student’s proficiency in the immersion language. Both are used to evaluate individual student progress, to report to parents and the general community, and to support continual program improvement. Read on at http://asiasociety.org/education/chinese-language-initiatives/student-assessment-and-immersion-program-evaluation
Source: Asia Society
Inputdate: 2013-03-16 08:58:49
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-16 08:58:49
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-18 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15802
Content Type: 1
Title: Book: Creativity and Innovation in Language Education
Body: From http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=63751&concordeid=431080 Creativity and Innovation in Language Education Edited by Carmen Argondizzo Published by Peter Lang International Academic Publishers Summary: This volume sheds light on Creativity and Innovation in Language Education as key issues for the development of personal, professional and social competences and aims at highlighting the relevance of such concepts which education at any level, in any sector and at any time should continuously stimulate and enhance. The prefaces and the interrelated sections explore the concept of creativity linked with issues such as cultures and language use, language teaching, business settings, technology. This is carried out following theoretical and practical perspectives which integrate with each other. The volume is published in a historical moment in Europe in which the European Commission is celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Barcelona Agreement (2002-2012), which emphasized the importance of learning two languages in addition to the mother tongue. The volume reflects on strategies for achieving these objectives, while underlining the belief that creativity is a skill which needs to be identified, stimulated and nurtured for the benefit of the entire society. Visit the publisher’s website at http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=63751&concordeid=431080
Source: Peter Lang Publishing Company
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:02:39
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:02:39
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Book: Creativity and Innovation in Language Education
Body: From http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=63751&concordeid=431080 Creativity and Innovation in Language Education Edited by Carmen Argondizzo Published by Peter Lang International Academic Publishers Summary: This volume sheds light on Creativity and Innovation in Language Education as key issues for the development of personal, professional and social competences and aims at highlighting the relevance of such concepts which education at any level, in any sector and at any time should continuously stimulate and enhance. The prefaces and the interrelated sections explore the concept of creativity linked with issues such as cultures and language use, language teaching, business settings, technology. This is carried out following theoretical and practical perspectives which integrate with each other. The volume is published in a historical moment in Europe in which the European Commission is celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Barcelona Agreement (2002-2012), which emphasized the importance of learning two languages in addition to the mother tongue. The volume reflects on strategies for achieving these objectives, while underlining the belief that creativity is a skill which needs to be identified, stimulated and nurtured for the benefit of the entire society. Visit the publisher’s website at http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=63751&concordeid=431080
Source: Peter Lang Publishing Company
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:02:39
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:02:39
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15803
Content Type: 1
Title: Book: Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation
Body: From http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/204166?format=G Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation Edited by David Singleton, Joshua A. Fishman, Larissa Aronin, and Muiris Ó Laoire Published by de Gruyter Description: This volume approaches contemporary multilingualism as a new linguistic dispensation, in urgent need of research-led, reflective scrutiny. The book addresses the emergent global and local patterns of multilingual use and acquisition across the world and explores the major trends that characterize today's multilingualism. It is divided into three parts on the basis of the broad themes: education (including multilingual learning in its general, theoretical aspects), sociolinguistic dimensions and language policy. The book's fifteen chapters, written by renowned international experts, discuss a range of issues relating to the quintessential and unique properties of multilingual situations – issues relevant to the challenges faced in different ways by researcher and practitioners alike. All the contributions share a focus on currently operative patterns of interaction between contexts, events and processes. Visit the publisher’s website at http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/204166?format=G
Source: de Gruyter
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:03:31
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:03:31
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Book: Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation
Body: From http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/204166?format=G Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation Edited by David Singleton, Joshua A. Fishman, Larissa Aronin, and Muiris Ó Laoire Published by de Gruyter Description: This volume approaches contemporary multilingualism as a new linguistic dispensation, in urgent need of research-led, reflective scrutiny. The book addresses the emergent global and local patterns of multilingual use and acquisition across the world and explores the major trends that characterize today's multilingualism. It is divided into three parts on the basis of the broad themes: education (including multilingual learning in its general, theoretical aspects), sociolinguistic dimensions and language policy. The book's fifteen chapters, written by renowned international experts, discuss a range of issues relating to the quintessential and unique properties of multilingual situations – issues relevant to the challenges faced in different ways by researcher and practitioners alike. All the contributions share a focus on currently operative patterns of interaction between contexts, events and processes. Visit the publisher’s website at http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/204166?format=G
Source: de Gruyter
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:03:31
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:03:31
Expdate:
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15804
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Proposals: 2014 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
Body: From http://www.csctfl.org 2014 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages Unlock the Gateway to Communication March 20 - 22, 2014 Hilton St. Louis at the Ballpark St. Louis, MO The deadline to submit workshop and session proposals is April 15, 2013. You can submit a proposal at http://www.web-reg.com/csc-prop
Source: CSCTFL
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:04:22
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:04:22
Expdate: 2013-04-15 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Proposals: 2014 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
Body: From http://www.csctfl.org 2014 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages Unlock the Gateway to Communication March 20 - 22, 2014 Hilton St. Louis at the Ballpark St. Louis, MO The deadline to submit workshop and session proposals is April 15, 2013. You can submit a proposal at http://www.web-reg.com/csc-prop
Source: CSCTFL
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:04:22
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:04:22
Expdate: 2013-04-15 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15805
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Proposals: The Foreign Language Association of Virginia
Body: From http://www.flavaweb.org/flava_conference_2013.php Call for Proposals: The Foreign Language Association of Virginia Go Global The Crowne Plaza Williamsburg at Fort Magruder October 3-5, 2013 Deadline for proposals: April 19th. Download the full call for proposals at http://www.flavaweb.org/flava_conference_2013.php You can also learn how to nominate a colleague for an award at the above link.
Source: FLAVA
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:05:19
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:05:19
Expdate: 2013-04-19 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Proposals: The Foreign Language Association of Virginia
Body: From http://www.flavaweb.org/flava_conference_2013.php Call for Proposals: The Foreign Language Association of Virginia Go Global The Crowne Plaza Williamsburg at Fort Magruder October 3-5, 2013 Deadline for proposals: April 19th. Download the full call for proposals at http://www.flavaweb.org/flava_conference_2013.php You can also learn how to nominate a colleague for an award at the above link.
Source: FLAVA
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:05:19
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:05:19
Expdate: 2013-04-19 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15806
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Papers: Indiana Foreign Language Teachers Association Fall Conference
Body: From http://www.iflta.org/conference/index.html The Indiana Foreign Language Teachers Association proudly announces their upcoming Fall Conference "Fuel Their Future with Languages" October 17 - 19, 2013 Sheraton Indianapolis - Keystone Crossing If you are interested in submitting a proposal for the 2013 Conference, you have until June 1 to do so. Strands *Culture– The focus of proposals should include aspects related to integrating culture into instruction or to enhancing cultural knowledge for the educator, for example, through cinema and theater. *Instructional Materials/Textbooks– Proposals should address the use, development and/or evaluation of instructional materials or textbooks. *Literature– This category includes the research and teaching of literature. *Methods/Techniques– These proposals should emphasize strategies and/or activities in teaching methods and technique. *Novice Teacher– Sessions should benefit new teachers or teachers who have been teaching less than 3 years. *Research– Proposals should address theoretical and empirical research related to language acquisition. *Special Learning Situations– The focus of a session in this group should be on different learning situations such as: teaching to heritage speakers, service learning, immersion programs, study abroad, teacher training (preparation/development). *Technology– These sessions should focus on the application and integration of technology into teaching, learning and assessment. *Other– Topics that do not fit in one of the categories listed above. Access the full call for proposals and more information about the conference at http://www.iflta.org/conference/index.html
Source: IFLTA
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:06:23
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:06:23
Expdate: 2013-06-01 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Papers: Indiana Foreign Language Teachers Association Fall Conference
Body: From http://www.iflta.org/conference/index.html The Indiana Foreign Language Teachers Association proudly announces their upcoming Fall Conference "Fuel Their Future with Languages" October 17 - 19, 2013 Sheraton Indianapolis - Keystone Crossing If you are interested in submitting a proposal for the 2013 Conference, you have until June 1 to do so. Strands *Culture– The focus of proposals should include aspects related to integrating culture into instruction or to enhancing cultural knowledge for the educator, for example, through cinema and theater. *Instructional Materials/Textbooks– Proposals should address the use, development and/or evaluation of instructional materials or textbooks. *Literature– This category includes the research and teaching of literature. *Methods/Techniques– These proposals should emphasize strategies and/or activities in teaching methods and technique. *Novice Teacher– Sessions should benefit new teachers or teachers who have been teaching less than 3 years. *Research– Proposals should address theoretical and empirical research related to language acquisition. *Special Learning Situations– The focus of a session in this group should be on different learning situations such as: teaching to heritage speakers, service learning, immersion programs, study abroad, teacher training (preparation/development). *Technology– These sessions should focus on the application and integration of technology into teaching, learning and assessment. *Other– Topics that do not fit in one of the categories listed above. Access the full call for proposals and more information about the conference at http://www.iflta.org/conference/index.html
Source: IFLTA
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:06:23
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:06:23
Expdate: 2013-06-01 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15807
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Papers: 24th Annual Conference of the Central Association of Teachers of Japanese
Body: The 24th Annual Conference of the Central Association of Teachers of Japanese (CATJ) will be held at Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti, Michigan, on October 5th (Saturday) and 6th (Sunday), 2013. Theme: Connecting Japanese Language Education with Other Fields: Toward Innovation (日本語教育を他分野に繋げる：イノベーションに向けて) Keynote Speakers: Professor Seiichi Makino (Princeton University) Professor Hiroshi Noyama (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics) Invited Speaker: Dr. Takako Aikawa (Microsoft Research) Abstract Submission Deadline: Friday, May 31, 2013 Notification of Acceptance: Monday, July 1, 2013 The organizers invite proposals for individual papers and panels which address the conference theme as well as topics including but not limited to the following: Japanese education in the US, Japanese pedagogy, Japanese second language acquisition, English-Japanese immersion programs, heritage language education, technology in language learning and teaching, Japanese culture, and Japanese literature. Individual papers are 20 minutes long with an additional 10 minutes for discussion. Organized panels are 120 minutes long and are limited to four active participants (four paper presenters, or three presenters with one discussant). Papers presented, with revisions made after the conference, will be published in a Conference Proceedings volume. An abstract for an individual paper should be no more than 300 words in English or 700 characters in Japanese. For organized panels, a maximum 300-word or 700-character abstract is required from each participant, in addition to a maximum 300-word or 700-character abstract for the panel itself. Please e-mail submissions as attachment in .doc/.docx (Microsoft Word) file format, with the following information to the conference chair, Sayuri Kubota, ( skubota at emich dot edu ). Please specify the subject line of your e-mail as “CATJ 2013 Call for Papers and Panels.” 1. Your name, affiliation, position, e-mail and summer contact information 2. The title of your paper, in both English and Japanese 3. Abstract of your paper (300 words in English or 700 characters in Japanese) 4. Equipment needed, other than a computer and a projector Kubota, S. CATJ 2013 Call for Papers and Panels. JTIT-L listserv (JTIT-L@LISTS.PSU.EDU, 16 Mar 2013).
Source: JTIT-L
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:08:45
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:08:45
Expdate: 2013-05-31 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: Call for Papers: 24th Annual Conference of the Central Association of Teachers of Japanese
Body: The 24th Annual Conference of the Central Association of Teachers of Japanese (CATJ) will be held at Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti, Michigan, on October 5th (Saturday) and 6th (Sunday), 2013. Theme: Connecting Japanese Language Education with Other Fields: Toward Innovation (日本語教育を他分野に繋げる：イノベーションに向けて) Keynote Speakers: Professor Seiichi Makino (Princeton University) Professor Hiroshi Noyama (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics) Invited Speaker: Dr. Takako Aikawa (Microsoft Research) Abstract Submission Deadline: Friday, May 31, 2013 Notification of Acceptance: Monday, July 1, 2013 The organizers invite proposals for individual papers and panels which address the conference theme as well as topics including but not limited to the following: Japanese education in the US, Japanese pedagogy, Japanese second language acquisition, English-Japanese immersion programs, heritage language education, technology in language learning and teaching, Japanese culture, and Japanese literature. Individual papers are 20 minutes long with an additional 10 minutes for discussion. Organized panels are 120 minutes long and are limited to four active participants (four paper presenters, or three presenters with one discussant). Papers presented, with revisions made after the conference, will be published in a Conference Proceedings volume. An abstract for an individual paper should be no more than 300 words in English or 700 characters in Japanese. For organized panels, a maximum 300-word or 700-character abstract is required from each participant, in addition to a maximum 300-word or 700-character abstract for the panel itself. Please e-mail submissions as attachment in .doc/.docx (Microsoft Word) file format, with the following information to the conference chair, Sayuri Kubota, ( skubota at emich dot edu ). Please specify the subject line of your e-mail as “CATJ 2013 Call for Papers and Panels.” 1. Your name, affiliation, position, e-mail and summer contact information 2. The title of your paper, in both English and Japanese 3. Abstract of your paper (300 words in English or 700 characters in Japanese) 4. Equipment needed, other than a computer and a projector Kubota, S. CATJ 2013 Call for Papers and Panels. JTIT-L listserv (JTIT-L@LISTS.PSU.EDU, 16 Mar 2013).
Source: JTIT-L
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:08:45
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:08:45
Expdate: 2013-05-31 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15808
Content Type: 1
Title: 2013 UCLA Indonesian Studies Conference
Body: From http://www.international.ucla.edu/cseas/events/showevent.asp?eventid=9891 Critical Histories of Activism: Indonesia’s New Order and its Legacies 2013 UCLA Indonesian Studies Conference Sunday, April 14, 2013 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM 314 Royce Hall UCLA Campus This conference is a reassessment of the emergence or resurgence of new forms of activism and protest during the New Order period in Indonesia. The New Order began with the mass killing of members of the communist party and was marked by 30 years of Soeharto's repressive policies. Compradors and cronies thrived; critics were crushed. But beneath the state's violence and repressive actions towards large segments of the population, political and cultural activists developed techniques of action and expression that survived policing or thrived in its constant presence. Some of these modes of action and activism lasted beyond the fall of Suharto but for others the new political era required different critical tactics. Nevertheless, many of the new communities and institutional forms born under the New Order live on in its wake. Fourteen participants will address the histories of cultural and political movements and organizations as they developed in the New Order, and explore the legacies of the New Order in contemporary Indonesian movements. Learn more about the conference at http://www.international.ucla.edu/cseas/events/showevent.asp?eventid=9891
Source: UCLA
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:10:27
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:10:27
Expdate: 2013-04-14 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: 2013 UCLA Indonesian Studies Conference
Body: From http://www.international.ucla.edu/cseas/events/showevent.asp?eventid=9891 Critical Histories of Activism: Indonesia’s New Order and its Legacies 2013 UCLA Indonesian Studies Conference Sunday, April 14, 2013 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM 314 Royce Hall UCLA Campus This conference is a reassessment of the emergence or resurgence of new forms of activism and protest during the New Order period in Indonesia. The New Order began with the mass killing of members of the communist party and was marked by 30 years of Soeharto's repressive policies. Compradors and cronies thrived; critics were crushed. But beneath the state's violence and repressive actions towards large segments of the population, political and cultural activists developed techniques of action and expression that survived policing or thrived in its constant presence. Some of these modes of action and activism lasted beyond the fall of Suharto but for others the new political era required different critical tactics. Nevertheless, many of the new communities and institutional forms born under the New Order live on in its wake. Fourteen participants will address the histories of cultural and political movements and organizations as they developed in the New Order, and explore the legacies of the New Order in contemporary Indonesian movements. Learn more about the conference at http://www.international.ucla.edu/cseas/events/showevent.asp?eventid=9891
Source: UCLA
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:10:27
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:10:27
Expdate: 2013-04-14 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Contentid:
15809
Content Type: 1
Title: 5th Annual Ohio University CALL Conference
Body: From https://sites.google.com/site/oucallconf 5th Annual Ohio University CALL Conference Gaming, Simulation and Mobility in Language Learning Friday, April 19th, 2013 With Featured Speaker Dr. Julie Sykes, University of New Mexico Access the conference program and register at https://sites.google.com/site/oucallconf
Source: Ohio University CALL Practice and Research
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:11:34
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:11:34
Expdate: 2013-04-19 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
Content Type: 1
Title: 5th Annual Ohio University CALL Conference
Body: From https://sites.google.com/site/oucallconf 5th Annual Ohio University CALL Conference Gaming, Simulation and Mobility in Language Learning Friday, April 19th, 2013 With Featured Speaker Dr. Julie Sykes, University of New Mexico Access the conference program and register at https://sites.google.com/site/oucallconf
Source: Ohio University CALL Practice and Research
Inputdate: 2013-03-24 11:11:34
Lastmodifieddate: 2013-03-24 11:11:34
Expdate: 2013-04-19 00:00:00
Publishdate: 2013-03-25 00:00:00
Displaydate:
Active: 1
Emailed: 1
Isarchived: 0
